Hi guys, I am an Occupational Therapist and often deal with a lot of the problems/questions that have been brought up!
LaEscorita If the outside edge of your big toe is rubbing on the inside of your shoe, it sounds like the shoe is either a bit narrow for you, and/or your foot is slightly wide across the toes this is really common lately because narrower shoes tend to be prettier looking on the shelf
The advice the other posters have given you has been good- body glide or bisterblock will prevent friction. You can also take your shoes to a cobbler, and if they are leather they can stretch the leather just in that one spot with a special tool.
Regarding Victoria Beckham yes, that is a bunion. Bunions can be caused by shoes that are narrow in the toe, and high heels of course. The directional forces of high heels tend to push the big toe toward the little ones from the large joint at the ball of the foot. Genetics also plays a large role and some people have these regardless of footwear. Having bunions actually makes it harder to wear flat shoes since the width of your foot at the ball is now very wide painful too!
Madigan what you are describing about your pinky toe is called a bunionette for obvious reasons. I have this problem too. They are way less problematic than bunions, and can be surgically corrected pretty easily.
Capt-longshanks what you are describing about ball-of-foot pain and numbness in your middle toes sounds like Mortons Neuroma. Sounds scary, but basically because high shoes place all your weight on the ball of your foot, all the tissue in there gets squished and irritated. The numbness is actually irritation of the nerve that supplies those toes. Wearing good shoes for a few days and letting the irritation/swelling go down will usually resolve the numbness, as you experienced. They sell padding for under the ball of the foot at most drugstores I dont know how well they work though!
Pishi you are describing pain in the large joint of your big toe that never goes away. Sorry, but this sounds like osteoarthritis to me, which isnt really fixable, just treatable ☹. With your hand, try bending your sore big toe down at that joint as far as it goes, then bend it up as far as it can go. Compare this to the non-sore toe is it less? If yes (especially in the upward direction), its probably arthritis. Treat this with a topical analgesic and anti-inflammatories (eg. advil). I can give more advice re:footwear if you want ☺
Hope that helps answer some questions! Take care of your feet! I see so many grannies with toes that go in every direction and they are in a lot of pain!