I think the issue is not so much with the jewelry, but with the way your dh treats you regarding it. It would never occur to my dh to blame ME if a diamond fell out of a band, especially if the ring had just been resized, nor would he be upset that the ring did not fit properly after losing weight. He should have been happy that you were gettting healthier, not upset about the RING. People change as they get older and can gain or lose weight or get arthritic so their knuckles get larger so jewelry doesn't fit the same.
Anyway, I definitely agree that you need to have the rings insured, take lots of photographs and wear them! Have a jeweler explain to your dh that things can happen that are beyond your control that can cause stones to become loose, and those things are not your fault unless you have abused your ring (which you definitely don't).
It sounds more like you are afraid of your dh's reaction to what might happen if you wear the rings, not actually wearing them. I just don't think a relationship ought to work that way. His first concern ought to be for his WIFE, not the ring.